The main question of this study was whether this augmentation in NO level is effective on analgesic and anesthetic effect of ketamine (NMDA antagonist), and whether this is related to the pure increase of NO (creatine) or the peptides and amino acids (which exist in whey). Both whey and creatine can augment the plasma level of NO ( 12, 13), yet the effect of NO on NMDA antagonist analgesia is still ambiguous. Therefore, there may exist a relationship between NO and NMDA receptors. N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist can inhibit this effect of NO. The analgesic characteristics of ketamine have been determined, yet the exact mechanisms are unknown. Also, one of the important effects of these products is augmentation in nitric oxide (NO). Two probable mechanisms of analgesic effect of peptides are inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis and their effect on analgesic opioid receptors ( 11). However, it should be considered that amino acids are rarely used solely and probable interactions between them may result in different effects. The antinociceptive effect of different peptides and amino acids was indicated recently ( 7, 8) yet, there is a lack of detailed information on their mechanism.Ĭreatine (Cr) and Whey (Wh) are amongst the most favorable supplements on the market, which are rich sources of amino acids ( 9, 10). Amino acids have been shown to have numerous different effects and thus can be used in various medical situations such as inflammation ( 1- 3), tumor therapy ( 4), trauma ( 5, 6), etc.
These days, the trend of pharmacotherapy is toward controlling diet instead of drug administration. Further studies, with rats of different gender and different dosage of supplement and anesthetics are suggested. The data only indicated that there might be a significant relationship between Cr consumption and total sleep time. Bonferroni multiple comparison indicated that the difference was between Cr and Sham groups (P < 0.021). There was a significant P-value (P < 0.05) for total anesthesia time in the second analysis.
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After this period, they became anesthetized using a Ketamine-Xylazine (KX) and their time to anesthesia and analgesia, and total sleep time were recorded.ĭata were analyzed twice using the SPSS 18 software with Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and post hoc test first time we expunged the rats that didn’t become anesthetized and the second time we included all of the samples. Each group was administered (by gavage) the supplements for an intermediate dosage during 25 days. We divided 30 male Wistar rats to three (n = 10) groups including Cr, Wh and sham (water only) groups. The main question of this study was whether Wh and Cr are effective on analgesic and anesthetic characteristics of ketamine and whether this is related to NO retention or amino acids’ features
Both of these supplements result in Nitric Oxide (NO) retention, which is believed to be effective in N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor analgesia. Creatine is an amino acid derivative that can change to ATP in the body. Whey is a protein, which is extracted from milk and is a rich source of amino acids. Creatine and Wh are among the most favorable supplements in the market. Because the trend of pharmacotherapy is toward controlling diet rather than administration of drugs, in our study we examined the probable relationship between Creatine (Cr) or Whey (Wh) consumption and anesthesia (analgesia effect of ketamine).
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